Origin
Haplogroup E1b1b1a1 arose 9975 ± 1500 years ago in the east of the modern Libyan desert, which at that time was a fertile area.
Haplogroup E1b1b1a1-M78 is derived from a haplogroup mutation that occurred in a person who lived 20.0 thousand years ago. The lifespan of the common ancestor of all living carriers of the Y-chromosome haplogroup E1b1b1a1 is 13.5 thousand years ago (dates are determined by snaps by YFull).
In the following millennia, representatives of the haplogroup E1b1b1a1 (M78) spread throughout Egypt, where they created the oldest agricultural crops, invented one of the oldest scripts, founded one of the oldest and most durable of the states on Earth.
Starting from the era of the Ancient Kingdom, and possibly even earlier, representatives of the haplogroup E1b1b1a1 (M78) began to spread outside Egypt.
The haplogroup E1b1b1a1-M78 was found in Moroccan samples 14.8–13.9 thousand years old.
Spread
Haplogroup E1b1b1a1 is found in Africa (East, North and South), Europe (Southeast, South and Central, Novgorod Oblast) and West Asia. Currently, the haplogroup E1b1b1a1 (M78) is distributed among the peoples of Southeast, Southern and Central Europe (Albanians, Greeks, Carpatho-Rusyns, Macedonians-Slavs and southern Italians), Northeast and East Africa (Egyptian Arabs and Copts, Western Sudanese , Somalis and Ethiopians) and, to a lesser extent, Western Asia (Turkish Cypriots, Druze and Palestinian Arabs).
Subclades
E1b1b1a1 *
At present, the haplogroup E1b1b1a1 * (M78), i.e., that does not have downstream SNP mutations, is extremely rare. Only 13 people were found in various populations: South Egypt (2), Morocco (2), Sudan (2), Sardinia (1), Albania (2), Hungary (1), England (1), Denmark (1) and North -Western Russia (1).
The highest concentration of E-M78 * (5.9%) was detected by Cruciani et al. in 2007 among Arabs in the Gurna oasis near Luxor in southern Egypt.
E1b1b1a1a
For the Y-haplogroup E1b1b1a1a (V12), South Egyptian origin is most likely. The common ancestor of the haplogroup E1b1b1a1a (V12) was born about 4300 ± 680 years ago, probably in Upper Egypt during the sunset era of the Ancient Kingdom.
Populations with the largest share of E1b1b1a1a-V12:
Arabs of Southern Egypt - 44%,
Arabs from the oasis (Bahariya) - 15%,
Oasis Arabs (about) - 9%
Arabs of the Nile Delta - 6%,
Northeast Turks - 4%
E1b1b1a1b
The haplogroup E1b1b1a1b (V13) is currently distributed quite far from the homeland of the ancestral haplogroup E1b1b1a1 (M78), mainly in Southeastern Europe (Albanians, Greeks, Carpatho-Ruthenians, Macedonians-Gypsies, Macedonians-Slavs) and, to a lesser extent, to a lesser extent Western Asia (Turkish Cypriots, Galilean Druze, Turks).
There are two versions regarding the site of occurrence of the SNP mutation V13 - the Balkans or West Asia.
Although the proportion of E-V13 in West Asian populations is several times smaller than in Southeastern Europe, their territory, as well as the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean, can be considered as possible candidates for the ancestral home of the common ancestor E1b1b1a1b-V13. Indeed, among the descendants of the Egyptians, the SNP mutation V13 could occur anywhere along the route from Egypt to the Balkans.
Regarding the lifetime of the common ancestor of the haplogroup E1b1b1a1b-V13, the opinions of the authors differ greatly. And this is connected only with whether these authors use evolutionary (or other) corrections in their calculations or not.
The lifetime of the common ancestor of the haplogroup E1b1b1a1b according to authors who do not use evolutionary corrections:
2470-1000 BC e. - Dienekes Ponticos (based on 103 haplotypes from the Haplozone E-M35 project, 8 haplotypes from Imatia and 20 haplotypes from Argolida)
1720-1180 BC e. - V.M. Urasin (based on 336 67-marker haplotypes from various databases)
As you can see, dates range from XXV to IV centuries BC. e. For Europe, this is the end of the Neolithic, the Bronze Age and early antiquity.
However, recent archaeological finds make it possible to attribute the time of occurrence of the SNP mutation V13 to VI millennium BC. e. or to an earlier period. In 2011, Marie Lacan et al. investigated the DNA isolated from human remains of the beginning of V thousand BC. e., found in the cave Avellaner in Catalonia (Spain). The ancient burial belongs to the culture of cardial ceramics, which spread in the VI-V millennium BC. e. from the adriatic coast of the Balkans to. The haplogroup of DNA of the Y chromosome of the remains of one of six men was identified as E1b1b1a1b (M35.1 +, V13 +).
The share of E-V13 and E-M35 (*) in some modern populations according to different authors: [ ]
Kosovo Albanians - 44%,
Achaean Greeks - 44% *
Magnesian Greeks - 40% *
Carpatho-Rusyns - 32-33%
Argos Greeks - 35% *
Gypsies of the Republic of Macedonia - 30%
Epirusic Greeks - 29% *
Macedonians Slavs - 22%
Serbs - 19%
Macedonian Greeks - 19-24% *
Bulgarians - 16%
Puglia Italians - 12%
Turkish Cypriots - 11%
Druze Arabs of Northern Israel - 11%
Under the * icon, the share of E1b1b1-M35 as a whole, excluding subclades, without the icon - the share of only E1b1b1a2-V13. It is known that in the populations of Southeastern Europe, including among Greeks and Albanians, the proportion of E1b1b1a2-V13 is at least 85% - 90% of E1b1b1-M35.
E1b1b1a1c
Haplogroup E1b1b1a1c (V22) appeared in Central Egypt or in the Nile Delta around 3125 BC. e. (± 600 years) [ ] Later, representatives of the haplogroup E1b1b1a1c (V22) settled from North Egypt in different directions, mainly to the south (among Ethiopian residents - 25%), as well as to the west (Morocco - 7-8%), east (Palestine - 6, 9%) and to the north (Sicily - 4.6%).
Populations with the largest share of E1b1b1a1c-V22:
Ethiopians of different nationalities - 25%
Arabs from the oasis of Baharia in Central Egypt - 22%
Arabs of the Nile Delta - 14%
E1b1b1a1d
The haplogroup E1b1b1a1d (V65) is distributed among the Berbers and Arabs of Morocco, is found among the Arabs of Libya, the Berbers of Egypt and, to a lesser extent, among the Italians of Sicily and Sardinia
Probably, SNP V65 arose 2625 ± 400 years ago, that is, in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. e. in Morocco or in Libya among immigrants from Egypt. Perhaps they arrived there during the Libyan military companies 13-12 centuries BC.
E1b1b1a1e
Haplogroup E1b1b1a1e (M521) is present only in the Balkans so far, it has been discovered so far only in two people (two Athenian Greeks).
Notes
Literature
Cruciani et al., "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa", T. 74: 1014-1022, PMID 15042509,: 10.1086 / 386294 , . Retrieved April 5, 2011.
Cruciani et al., "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern / Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12", Molecular Biology and Evolution T. 24: 1300-1311,: 10.1093 / molbev / msm049 , Also see.
Battaglia et al. (2008), "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe", European Journal of Human Genetics, DOI 10.1038 / ejhg.2008.249
Vadim Urasin (June 2009), "Geographical attribution of some branches of the phylogenetic tree E1b1b1a2-V13", T. 1 (1): 14-19 , . Retrieved April 5, 2011.
Lacan et al. (October 31, 2011), "Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination", The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) T. 108 (44), 10.1073 / pnas. 11303061108.