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Post by Admin on Apr 2, 2024 23:55:55 GMT
 Figure 5. A) Violin Plots showing the proportion of Bronze Age Scandinavian ancestries for each Iron Age individual from Sweden, Norway and Denmark. The highest proportions of E.Scan, W.Scan and S.Scan Bronze Age ancestry are in the local region, despite E.Scan BA being the highest on average in all regions. B) Pie charts showing the proportions of the Y-haplogroups for the Iron Age regions. Despite the low proportion of Western Scandinavaian Bronze Age ancestry in the Norweigians, the proportion of the corresponding R1a haplogroup is high. During the Bronze Age, there are a number of admixed Norwegian and Danish Bronze Age outliers who carry local and Eastern Scandinavian ancestry. When including these admixed clusters as sources, we find the Scandinavian ancestry of Iron Age Jutlandic individuals modelled entirely as the admixed Danish Bronze Age source. In contrast, the Danish Isles and Norwegian Iron Age populations require additional East Scandinavian ancestry, suggestive of either multiple waves of migration or continuous gene flow (Figure S6.5.2.2). We used DATES 67 to date the admixture time between the Eastern Scandinavians and the Southern Scandinavians, using admixed populations from the Danish Isles Bronze Age, the Danish Isles Iron Age, and the Jutlandic Iron Age (Supplementary Note S6.7, Figure S6.7.1). We observed an overlap between the various target groups during the Bronze Age ( ∼3750 - 3250 BP), shortly after the first detection of Eastern Scandinavian ancestry in Scandinavia. A similar result was seen for the the admixed Western Scandinavian Bronze Age cluster (4200 - 3600 BP). Expansions of Scandinavian ancestry during the Migration Period We see these respective proportions of Southern and Eastern Scandinavian Bronze Age ancestry persist throughout the Iron Age (2800 – 1575 BP) in Jutland, the Danish Isles and Southern Sweden. In Jutland during the Iron Age, individuals tend to fall within the Southern Scandinavian cluster (Figure 6), and are modelled with ∼55% Southern and ∼45% Eastern Scandinavian BA (Figure 5). Further east, individuals fall within the Eastern Scandinavian cluster; on the Danish Isles individuals are modelled as ∼20% Southern and ∼80% Eastern Scandinavian BA and in Sweden most individuals are modelled as ∼100% Eastern Scandinavian BA (Figure 5). |
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Post by Admin on Apr 4, 2024 0:17:26 GMT
Expansions of Scandinavian ancestry during the Migration Period We see these respective proportions of Southern and Eastern Scandinavian Bronze Age ancestry persist throughout the Iron Age (2800 – 1575 BP) in Jutland, the Danish Isles and Southern Sweden. In Jutland during the Iron Age, individuals tend to fall within the Southern Scandinavian cluster (Figure 6), and are modelled with ∼55% Southern and ∼45% Eastern Scandinavian BA (Figure 5). Further east, individuals fall within the Eastern Scandinavian cluster; on the Danish Isles individuals are modelled as ∼20% Southern and ∼80% Eastern Scandinavian BA and in Sweden most individuals are modelled as ∼100% Eastern Scandinavian BA (Figure 5).  Figure 6. Geographical Distribution of ancient individuals within the Western Scandinavian, Southern Scandinavian, Eastern Scandinavian and Bell Beaker subclusters through time in Northern Europe. Note: these clusters do not represent the complexities of admixture between clusters (see Supplementary Note S6.4.2.) and should be interpreted together with Mixture Modellings results. The period between 2800 and 1575 BP is described in the archaeological and historical literature as the time of Germanic migrations moving south into continental Europe (ref). The lack of samples from this period, especially from Germany, limits our ability to determine when these migrations may have occurred. Despite this, we are able to see expansions have occurred at least by the end of the Iron Age and beginning of the Migration Period, when sampling density improves (Extended Data Figure 6). |
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Post by Admin on Apr 5, 2024 20:17:48 GMT
 Extended Data Figure 6. Geographical Distribution of ancient individuals within the Western Scandinavian, Southern Scandinavian, Eastern Scandinavian, Baltic and Bell Beaker subclusters through time in Northern Europe. Note: these clusters do not represent the complexities of admixture between clusters (see Supplementary Note S6.4.2.) and should be interpreted together with Mixture Modellings results. By using Iron Age sources for Western, Southern and Eastern Scandinavians (set 6, Extended Data Figure 6), we are able to ascertain more specific source populations and regions for migrations previously described more broadly to Northern Europe (Gretzinger, Langobards, Stolarek). South of the Nordic region, the Jutlandic Iron Age source to be the primary Scandinavian ancestry to the west (present day Germany, the Netherlands and England). Further east, populations of present-day Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Öland and Finland are primarily mixtures of Eastern Scandinavian and Baltic Bronze Age ancestries. The arrival of northern continental European ancestry during the Saxon period in England from a broad region ranging from the Netherlands to Southern Sweden has previously been shown 47. Here we find almost all samples from England fall within the Southern Scandinavian clusters, restricting the range from the Netherlands to Jutland (Extended Data Figure 7). By adding a second Iron Age Southern Scandinavian source from Mecklenburg, Northern Germany, we are able to distinguish between the two Southern Scandinavian IA sources, allowing us to restrict this range further (Extended Data Figure 7). We find Southern Scandinavian ancestry in almost all Saxons from England, Frisians from the Netherlands and Iron Age Germans to be modelled as the Northern German source. Interestingly, the distribution of those two closely related ancestries largely resembles that of the two lineages of the dominant R1b Y-chromosome in the region (Supplemental Section 6.6.4.2). In contrast, individuals from Northern Jutland are modelled primarily as the local Southern Scandinavian IA ancestry.  Extended Data Figure 7. A subset of IBD Mixture Modelling results showing the proportion of Southern Scandinavian IA ancestry for Northern Europe for A) Set 7, which contains a single Southern Scandinavian IA source (0_1_2_3, Northern Jutland), in comparison to B) set Y, with two Southern Scandinavian IA sources (0_1_2_3, Northern Jutland and 0_1_2_1 Mecklenburg (Northern Germany). The proportion of ancestry modelled is indicated by the proportion filled and size of each circle. Full mixture modelling results for Northern Europe are shown in Figure S6.5.1.8 and Figure S6.5.1.8 In Britain between 1575 and 1200 BP, we find some outliers modelled with North Jutlandic IA rather than North German IA ancestry (Extended Data Figure 8). Although bias in sampling may mean that the specific region and timing of the arrival of individuals with this profile cannot be identified, the heterogeneity present is expected due to the various homelands of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes along the Eastern North Sea coast migrating to Britain during this period. By the Viking Age, we detect Eastern Scandinavian and Western Scandinavian ancestries across Britain and its Islands, representing Viking migrations from Sweden and Norway. Although migration from Denmark is likely during this period, the close relation between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danish Vikings limits our ability to detect this migration. |
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Post by Admin on Apr 7, 2024 20:26:13 GMT
 Extended Data Figure 8. A subset of IBD Mixture Modelling results showing the proportion of ancestry for set X. In column 1 (2800 - 1575 BP), the dominant ancestry modelled is 0_2_1_1_2 Celtic Bronze Age. In column 2 (1575 - 1200 BP) during the Anglo Saxon period, a transition causing individuals to be modelled primarily as 0_1_2_1 Southern Scandinavian IA (Mecklenburg, Northern Germany) has occurred, with small proportions of 0_1_2_3 Southern Scandinavian IA (Northern Jutland, Denmark). In column 3 (1200 - 800 BP), the appearance of other Scandinavian ancstries (cluster 0_1_3_2_2_2 Eastern Scandinavian IA (Sweden) and cluster 0_1_6_2 Western Scandinavian IA (Norway)) is apparent during the Viking Period. Similarly, we find another West Germanic speaking population, the Langobards from the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Italy to be modelled as primarily Southern Scandinavian IA (Figure S6.9.6.1), and, accordingly, to carry a few Y haplogroups lineages restricted to Scandinavia. In contrast, we find the (supposed East Germanic-speaking) Polish Wielbark individuals, to be modelled primarily as Eastern Scandinavian. However, most later individuals associated with the originally East Germanic-speaking groups, the Ukrainian Ostrogoths and the Visigoths of Iberia, appear to be locals (Supplementary Note 6.9.6). Two exceptions are from Goths from Iberia, who genetically fall on the Northeast-Southeast Baltic cline (one of which carries a Northern European Y haplogroups), suggesting an origin in North East Europe, but not Eastern Scandinavia specifically. This cline includes populations related to the spread of Slavic populations in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic and are to be related to the Baltic Bronze Age ancestry originating in North East Europe (Supplementary Note 6.9.7). With the current sampling, determining a more precise homeland of the Slavic migrations is not yet possible. On the Danish Isles we see discontinuity from around 1600 BP (Extended Data Figure 6). Between 1600 BP and 1230 BP the limited number of samples limits our ability to genetically determine the precise timing and nature of this transition. Sampling density improves from 1230 BP, in the 100 years leading up to the Viking Age, by which point we see a distinct transition has occurred. This transition is visible at a variety of resolutions. From the Bronze Age modelling, we see an increase in the proportion of Southern Scandinavian ancestry on Zealand by 1230 BP (Extended Data Figure 9). In the Iron Age (2000 – 1575 BP), the only regions with high proportions of Southern Scandinavian ancestry are Jutland and Germany. In Northern Jutland, the proportion of Southern Scandinavian ancestry remains relatively constant. In both regions, by the Viking Age, many individuals carry a series of ancestries previously only found further south and west – ENS Bronze Age, Bell Beaker/Celtic Bronze Age and European Farmer. |
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Post by Admin on Apr 10, 2024 20:18:28 GMT
 Extended Data Figure 9. A subset of IBD Mixture Modelling results for Bronze Age sources. Row 1 shows the decreasing proportion of Southern Scandinavian ancestry from Denmark_Jutland to the Islands of Denmark, to Southern Sweden. Row two shows Denmark and Sweden during the Migration Period (1575 - 1200 BP, left) and the Viking Period (1200 - 800 BP, right). Row three shows the surrounding regions to the west (left) and east (right). By including the two Iron Age Southern Scandinavian clusters in the sources (Jutland and Mecklenburg) together with two Iron Age Eastern Scandinavian clusters (Danish Isles and Sweden), we are able to further disentangle these migrations (Extended Data Figure 11). The Danish Isles ancestry that was widespread on Zealand from 2200 BP disappears from ∼1600 BP. For the few samples between 1600 BP and 1230 BP we find instead a variety of ancestries, Swedish Iron Age, Celtic Iron Age, Norwegian Iron Age, and Jutlandic (check) Iron Age. In Northern Jutland, this additional resolution reveals a transition within the constant proportion Bronze Age Southern Scandinavian ancestry. Prior to 1600 BP it is modelled as North Jutlandic IA ancestry, which gradually shifts to become primarily modelled as North German IA ancestry. Small proportions of Jutlandic IA ancestry are modelled in many later individuals, which is in direct contrast to Zealand, where it appears a population replacement occurred. |
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