Post by Admin on Oct 3, 2023 0:21:05 GMT
Bronze Age Northern Eurasian Genetics in the Context of Development of Metallurgy and Siberian Ancestry
Abstract
The Eurasian Bronze Age (BA) has been described as a period of substantial human migrations, the emergence of pastoralism, horse domestication, and development of metallurgy. This study focuses on individuals associated with BA metallurgical production, specifically the Seima-Turbino (ST) phenomenon (~2,200-1,900 BCE) associated with elaborate metal objects found across Northern Eurasia. The genetic profiles of nine ST-associated individuals vary widely ranging between ancestries maximized in individuals from the Eastern Siberian Late Neolithic/BA, and those of the Western Steppe Middle Late BA. The genetic heterogeneity observed is consistent with the current understanding of the ST metallurgical network as a transcultural phenomenon. The new data also shed light on the temporal and spatial range of an ancient Siberian genetic ancestry component, which is shared across many Uralic-speaking populations, and which we explore further via demographic modeling using additional genome-wide (2 individuals) and whole genome data (5 individuals, including a ~30x genome) from northwestern Russia.
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560195v1
Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages
Abstract
The North Eurasian forest and forest-steppe zones have sustained millennia of sociocultural connections among northern peoples. We present genome-wide ancient DNA data for 181 individuals from this region spanning the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age. We find that Early to Mid-Holocene hunter-gatherer populations from across the southern forest and forest-steppes of Northern Eurasia can be characterized by a continuous gradient of ancestry that remained stable for millennia, ranging from fully West Eurasian in the Baltic region to fully East Asian in the Transbaikal region. In contrast, cotemporaneous groups in far Northeast Siberia were genetically distinct, retaining high levels of continuity from a population that was the primary source of ancestry for Native Americans. By the mid-Holocene, admixture between this early Northeastern Siberian population and groups from Inland East Asia and the Amur River Basin produced two distinctive populations in eastern Siberia that played an important role in the genetic formation of later people. Ancestry from the first population, Cis-Baikal Late Neolithic-Bronze Age (Cisbaikal_LNBA), is found substantially only among Yeniseian-speaking groups and those known to have admixed with them. Ancestry from the second, Yakutian Late Neolithic-Bronze Age (Yakutia_LNBA), is strongly associated with present-day Uralic speakers. We show how Yakutia_LNBA ancestry spread from an east Siberian origin ~4.5kya, along with subclades of Y-chromosome haplogroup N occurring at high frequencies among present-day Uralic speakers, into Western and Central Siberia in communities associated with Seima-Turbino metallurgy: a suite of advanced bronze casting techniques that spread explosively across an enormous region of Northern Eurasia ~4.0kya. However, the ancestry of the 16 Seima-Turbino-period individuals--the first reported from sites with this metallurgy--was otherwise extraordinarily diverse, with partial descent from Indo-Iranian-speaking pastoralists and multiple hunter-gatherer populations from widely separated regions of Eurasia. Our results provide support for theories suggesting that early Uralic speakers at the beginning of their westward dispersal where involved in the expansion of Seima-Turbino metallurgical traditions, and suggests that both cultural transmission and migration were important in the spread of Seima-Turbino material culture.
"We generated genome-wide data from 16 individuals from four ST-period burial sites, three in the Ob-Irtysh Basin between the Ural and Altai mountains in Western Siberia, and one in the region between the Upper Yenisei and Upper Ob, just north of the Altai-Sayan mountains. Radiocarbon dating and archaeological context indicate they date to a tight interval around 4.0 kya (SI Section IX; Data SI Table 4). From the Ob-Irtysh Basin, we sequenced 9 individuals from the ST necropolis of Rostovka, on the banks of the middle Irtysh, and 2 from the ST necropolis of Satyga-16, east of the Mid-Ural Mountains. We add to this samples from two sites that have less direct evidence of involvement with the ST phenomenon, but are cotemporaneous to it and that our genetic analyses suggest may be connected with it: one individual from the burial site of Chernoozerye-1b, located close to Rostovka, and four males from a previously undescribed burial site, Tatarka Hillc on the Chulym tributary, between the Upper Ob andUpper Yenisei 72. In ADMIXTURE and PCA, the mostly male individuals from the ST necropolises of Rostovka and Satyga-16, and the individual from the ST-period burial of Chernoozerye-1, are extremely heterogeneous, harboring highly variable proportions of three major and two minor sources of ancestrythat we describe below (Figure 4E, bottom row; Fig 1, center; Extended Data Fig. 4, 5). In contrast, thefour ST-period individuals from Tatarka Hill are genetically homogeneous, very similar to Yakutia_LNBA, and indeed can be modeled with near-complete descent from Yakutia_LNBA in qpAdm (SI Section VI.C.iii)".
"We next analyzed these same ST individuals with proximal qpAdm. We first find that the Yakutia_LNBA ancestry in Rostovka, Satyga-16 and Chernoozerye-1 can be sourced from a population related to the four unadmixed Yakutia_LNBA males at Tatarka Hill in the region between the Upper Yenisei and Upper Ob, with no evidence of additional mixture from Yakutia_LNBA populations in Northeast Siberia (Fig 4B, middle row). Such a genetic link is reinforced by the presence at Rostovka of the subclade of haplogroup N (N-L1026, in individual I32545, a male with near-unadmixed Yakutia_LNBA ancestry), which is also carried by all four males from Tatarka Hill (SI VIII). The specific subclade of the unadmixed Yakutia_LNBA individual from Rostovka (N-L1026 > Z1936) is widespread among present-day Uralic populations from East of the Urals to the Baltic Sea, but attains maximal frequencies (up to ~40%) towards the west, inBaltic Finnic populations such as Finns, Veps and Karelians".
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560332v1
Abstract
The Eurasian Bronze Age (BA) has been described as a period of substantial human migrations, the emergence of pastoralism, horse domestication, and development of metallurgy. This study focuses on individuals associated with BA metallurgical production, specifically the Seima-Turbino (ST) phenomenon (~2,200-1,900 BCE) associated with elaborate metal objects found across Northern Eurasia. The genetic profiles of nine ST-associated individuals vary widely ranging between ancestries maximized in individuals from the Eastern Siberian Late Neolithic/BA, and those of the Western Steppe Middle Late BA. The genetic heterogeneity observed is consistent with the current understanding of the ST metallurgical network as a transcultural phenomenon. The new data also shed light on the temporal and spatial range of an ancient Siberian genetic ancestry component, which is shared across many Uralic-speaking populations, and which we explore further via demographic modeling using additional genome-wide (2 individuals) and whole genome data (5 individuals, including a ~30x genome) from northwestern Russia.
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560195v1
Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages
Abstract
The North Eurasian forest and forest-steppe zones have sustained millennia of sociocultural connections among northern peoples. We present genome-wide ancient DNA data for 181 individuals from this region spanning the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age. We find that Early to Mid-Holocene hunter-gatherer populations from across the southern forest and forest-steppes of Northern Eurasia can be characterized by a continuous gradient of ancestry that remained stable for millennia, ranging from fully West Eurasian in the Baltic region to fully East Asian in the Transbaikal region. In contrast, cotemporaneous groups in far Northeast Siberia were genetically distinct, retaining high levels of continuity from a population that was the primary source of ancestry for Native Americans. By the mid-Holocene, admixture between this early Northeastern Siberian population and groups from Inland East Asia and the Amur River Basin produced two distinctive populations in eastern Siberia that played an important role in the genetic formation of later people. Ancestry from the first population, Cis-Baikal Late Neolithic-Bronze Age (Cisbaikal_LNBA), is found substantially only among Yeniseian-speaking groups and those known to have admixed with them. Ancestry from the second, Yakutian Late Neolithic-Bronze Age (Yakutia_LNBA), is strongly associated with present-day Uralic speakers. We show how Yakutia_LNBA ancestry spread from an east Siberian origin ~4.5kya, along with subclades of Y-chromosome haplogroup N occurring at high frequencies among present-day Uralic speakers, into Western and Central Siberia in communities associated with Seima-Turbino metallurgy: a suite of advanced bronze casting techniques that spread explosively across an enormous region of Northern Eurasia ~4.0kya. However, the ancestry of the 16 Seima-Turbino-period individuals--the first reported from sites with this metallurgy--was otherwise extraordinarily diverse, with partial descent from Indo-Iranian-speaking pastoralists and multiple hunter-gatherer populations from widely separated regions of Eurasia. Our results provide support for theories suggesting that early Uralic speakers at the beginning of their westward dispersal where involved in the expansion of Seima-Turbino metallurgical traditions, and suggests that both cultural transmission and migration were important in the spread of Seima-Turbino material culture.
"We generated genome-wide data from 16 individuals from four ST-period burial sites, three in the Ob-Irtysh Basin between the Ural and Altai mountains in Western Siberia, and one in the region between the Upper Yenisei and Upper Ob, just north of the Altai-Sayan mountains. Radiocarbon dating and archaeological context indicate they date to a tight interval around 4.0 kya (SI Section IX; Data SI Table 4). From the Ob-Irtysh Basin, we sequenced 9 individuals from the ST necropolis of Rostovka, on the banks of the middle Irtysh, and 2 from the ST necropolis of Satyga-16, east of the Mid-Ural Mountains. We add to this samples from two sites that have less direct evidence of involvement with the ST phenomenon, but are cotemporaneous to it and that our genetic analyses suggest may be connected with it: one individual from the burial site of Chernoozerye-1b, located close to Rostovka, and four males from a previously undescribed burial site, Tatarka Hillc on the Chulym tributary, between the Upper Ob andUpper Yenisei 72. In ADMIXTURE and PCA, the mostly male individuals from the ST necropolises of Rostovka and Satyga-16, and the individual from the ST-period burial of Chernoozerye-1, are extremely heterogeneous, harboring highly variable proportions of three major and two minor sources of ancestrythat we describe below (Figure 4E, bottom row; Fig 1, center; Extended Data Fig. 4, 5). In contrast, thefour ST-period individuals from Tatarka Hill are genetically homogeneous, very similar to Yakutia_LNBA, and indeed can be modeled with near-complete descent from Yakutia_LNBA in qpAdm (SI Section VI.C.iii)".
"We next analyzed these same ST individuals with proximal qpAdm. We first find that the Yakutia_LNBA ancestry in Rostovka, Satyga-16 and Chernoozerye-1 can be sourced from a population related to the four unadmixed Yakutia_LNBA males at Tatarka Hill in the region between the Upper Yenisei and Upper Ob, with no evidence of additional mixture from Yakutia_LNBA populations in Northeast Siberia (Fig 4B, middle row). Such a genetic link is reinforced by the presence at Rostovka of the subclade of haplogroup N (N-L1026, in individual I32545, a male with near-unadmixed Yakutia_LNBA ancestry), which is also carried by all four males from Tatarka Hill (SI VIII). The specific subclade of the unadmixed Yakutia_LNBA individual from Rostovka (N-L1026 > Z1936) is widespread among present-day Uralic populations from East of the Urals to the Baltic Sea, but attains maximal frequencies (up to ~40%) towards the west, inBaltic Finnic populations such as Finns, Veps and Karelians".
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560332v1
