Corded Ware Culture (CWC) Genetics

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Corded Ware Culture (CWC) Genetics Feb 17, 2022 3:16:50 GMT

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Post by Admin on Feb 17, 2022 3:16:50 GMT

We finally examine the outliers related to ESHG (Steppe_MLBA_oESHG). We observed both
on PCA (Fig S 35) and f-statistics (Fig S 36) that these individuals are shifted significantly
away from the other individuals, including ones with ancestry related to WSHG.
Geographically, these individuals also tend to be distributed in the northeast of the Steppe
regions analyzed in this study. Distal models show that these individuals harbor almost 40%
ancestry related to ESHG (Table S 68) Proximal models suggest that these individuals
require additional ancestry related to Shamanka_EBA.SG, who are individuals from the
Bronze Age in Lake Baikal with high ESHG proportions (Table S 69).

Source1 Source2 Source3 P S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
WSHG WEHG .. 0.02 0.84 0.16 .. 0.02 0.02 ..
EEHG WSHG PPN 0.39 0.30 0.61 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.01
EEHG WSHG Anatolia_N 0.45 0.35 0.59 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.02
EEHG WSHG Ganj_Dareh_N 0.67 0.41 0.50 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.02
WSHG PPN WEHG 0.45 0.82 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.02 0.02
WSHG WEHG Anatolia_N 0.18 0.84 0.12 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02
Table S 62 Distal models for Sintashta_MLBA_o3
Mixture proportions

Source1 Source2 P S1 S2 S1 S2
Botai.SG Khvalynsk_EN 0.86 0.401 0.599 0.034 0.034
Table S 63 Proximal models for Sintashta_MLBA_o3

Source1 Source2 Source3 Source4 P S1 S2 S3 S4 S1 S2 S3 S4
WSHG WEHG Anatolia_N Ganj_Dareh_N 0.07 0.53 0.12 0.20 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
Table S 64 Distal models for Steppe_MLBA_oWSHG

Source1 Source2 Source3 P S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
BMAC Central_Steppe_EMBA Western_Steppe_MLBA 0.240986738 0.125 0.142 0.733 0.012 0.013 0.017
BMAC Central_Steppe_EMBA Central_Steppe_MLBA 0.052567681 0.122 0.077 0.801 0.013 0.014 0.019
BMAC Western_Steppe_EMBA Central_Steppe_MLBA 0.305603322 0.112 0.257 0.631 0.013 0.043 0.043
Sarazm_EN Central_Steppe_EMBA Western_Steppe_MLBA 0.536143277 0.15 0.099 0.751 0.015 0.014 0.015
Sarazm_EN Central_Steppe_EMBA Central_Steppe_MLBA 0.190976203 0.148 0.033 0.819 0.015 0.015 0.018
Table S 67 Proximal models for Steppe_MLBA_oBMAC

Source1 Source2 Source3 Source4 P S1 S2 S3 S4 S1 S2 S3 S4
EEHG WSHG Anatolia_N ESHG 0.03 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.27 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02
WSHG WEHG Anatolia_N ESHG 0.05 0.44 0.10 0.21 0.26 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Table S 68 Distal models for Steppe_MLBA_oESHG

Source1 Source2 Source3 P S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Okunevo_BA.SG Shamanka_EBA.SG Western_Steppe_MLBA 0.031539852 0.453 0.118 0.43 0.064 0.04 0.028
Okunevo_BA.SG Shamanka_EBA.SG Central_Steppe_MLBA 0.022864739 0.391 0.142 0.467 0.068 0.042 0
Shamanka_EBA.SG Central_Steppe_EMBA Western_Steppe_MLBA 0.021833255 0.318 0.25 0.432 0.016 0.034 0.027
Shamanka_EBA.SG Central_Steppe_EMBA Central_Steppe_MLBA 0.013252558 0.315 0.214 0.471 0.016 0.037 0
Table S 69 Proximal models for Steppe_MLBA_oESHG

In addition to these autosomal ancestry estimates, additional information about admixture
comes from the Y chromosome data. With the exception of a few individuals, all of the males
in the Western_Steppe_MLBA and Central_Steppe_MLBA groups carry a Y chromosome
from the R1a haplogroup, whose earliest observations in our dataset are in individuals from
the western Steppe. However, most of the outlier individuals with ancestry related to WSHG
do not carry this haplogroup, but instead carry haplogroups seen in Botai.SG, WSHG,
Central_Steppe_EMBA and Okunevo_BA.SG. Individuals with Iranian farmer-related
ancestry tended to carry the J Y haplogroup that appears to be nearly absent in Steppe
pastoralists but predominant in BA Turan, providing further evidence of admixture.

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Corded Ware Culture (CWC) Genetics Feb 14, 2023 18:59:31 GMT

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Using revolutionary new methods to analyze DNA and the isotopes found in bones and teeth, scientists are exposing the tangled roots of peoples around the world, as varied as Germans, ancient Philistines, and Kashmiris. Few of us are actually the direct descendants of the ancient skeletons found in our backyards or historic homelands. Only a handful of groups today, such as Australian Aborigines, have deep bloodlines untainted by mixing with immigrants.

"We can falsify this notion that anyone is pure," says population geneticist Lynn Jorde of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. Instead, almost all modern humans "have this incredibly complex history of mixing and mating and migration."

Wind back the clock more than a thousand years—a trivial slice of time compared with the 200,000 years or so since our species emerged—and stories of exclusive heritage or territory crumble. "Basically, everybody's myth is wrong, even the indigenous groups'," says population geneticist David Reich of Harvard University.

Tacitus, the Roman historian, reports that in 9 C.E. a member of the Germanic Cherusci tribe called Arminius led a rebellion against the Romans near the village of Kalkriese in northern Germany. Against all odds, the tribes slaughtered three Roman legions in what became known as the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.

Scholars agree that there was indeed a real battle that sent shock waves through the Roman Empire, which then stretched from the island of Britain to Egypt. But much of the rest of Arminius's story is myth: The Romans persisted deep in Germania until at least the third century C.E., as shown by the recent discovery of a third-century Roman battlefield in Harzhorn, Germany. And Arminius by no means united the more than 50 Germanic tribes of the time. He persuaded five tribes to join him in battle, but members of his own tribe soon killed him.

Moreover, Arminius and his kin were not pure "Aryan," if that term means a person whose ancestors lived solely in what is now Germany or Scandinavia. The Cherusci tribe, like all Europeans of their day and later, were themselves composites, built from serial migrations into the heart of Europe and then repeatedly remixed. "The whole concept of an ethnic German … it's ludicrous when you look at the longue durée [long time] scale," says archaeologist Aren Maeir of Bar-Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel.

The first Europeans came from Africa via the Middle East and settled there about 43,000 years ago. But some of those pioneers, such as a 40,000-year-old individual from Romania, have little connection to today's Europeans, Reich says.

His team studied DNA from 51 Europeans and Asians who lived 7000 to 45,000 years ago. They found that most of the DNA in living Europeans originated in three major migrations, starting with hunter-gatherers who came from the Middle East as the glaciers retreated 19,000 to 14,000 years ago. In a second migration about 9000 years ago, farmers from northwestern Anatolia, in what is now Greece and Turkey, moved in.

That massive wave of farmers washed across the continent. Ancient DNA records their arrival in Germany, where they are linked with the Linear Pottery culture, 6900 to 7500 years ago. A 7000-year-old woman from Stuttgart, Germany, for example, has the farmers' genetic signatures, setting her apart from eight hunter-gatherers who lived just 1000 years earlier in Luxembourg and Sweden. Among people living today, Sardinians retain the most DNA from those early farmers, whose genes suggest that they had brown eyes and dark hair.

The farmers moved in family groups and stuck to themselves awhile before mixing with local hunter-gatherers, according to a study in 2015 that used ancient DNA to calculate the ratio of men to women in the farming groups. That's a stark contrast to the third major migration, which began about 5000 years ago when herders swept in from the steppe north of the Black Sea in what is now Russia. Those Yamnaya pastoralists herded cattle and sheep, and some rode newly domesticated horses, says archaeologist David Anthony of Hartwick College in Oneonta, New York.

In the journal Antiquity last month, Kristiansen and paleogeneticist Eske Willerslev at the University of Copenhagen reported that the sex ratios of the earliest Yamnaya burials in central Europe suggest that the new arrivals were mostly men. Arriving with few women, those tall strangers were apparently eager to woo or abduct the local farmers' daughters. Not long after the Yamnaya invasion, their skeletons were buried with those of women who had lived on farms as children, according to the strontium and nitrogen isotopes in their bones, says Price, who analyzed them.

The unions between the Yamnaya and the descendants of Anatolian farmers catalyzed the creation of the famous Corded Ware culture, known for its distinctive pottery impressed with cordlike patterns, Kristiansen says. According to DNA analysis, those people may have inherited Yamnaya genes that made them taller; they may also have had a then-rare mutation that enabled them to digest lactose in milk, which quickly spread.

It was a winning combination. The Corded Ware people had many offspring who spread rapidly across Europe. They were among the ancestors of the Bell Beaker culture of central Europe, known by the vessels they used to drink wine, according to a study by Kristiansen and Reich published this month. "This big wave of Yamnaya migration washed all the way to the shores of Ireland," says population geneticist Dan Bradley of Trinity College in Dublin. Bell Beaker pots and DNA appeared about 4000 years ago in burials on Rathlin Island, off the coast of Northern Ireland, his group reported this year.

This new picture means that the Hermann of lore was himself a composite of post–ice age hunter-gatherers, Anatolian farmers, and Yamnaya herders. So are most other Europeans—including the ancient Romans whose empire Arminius fought.

The three-part European mixture varies across the continent, with different ratios of each migration and trace amounts of other lineages. But those quirks rarely match the tales people tell about their ancestry. For example, the Basques of northern Spain, who have a distinct language, have long thought themselves a people apart. But last year, population geneticist Mattias Jakobsson of Uppsala University in Sweden reported that the DNA of modern Basques is most like that of the ancient farmers who populated northern Spain before the Yamnaya migration. In other words, Basques are part of the usual European mix, although they carry less Yamnaya DNA than other Europeans.

Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 April 2017

www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/retheorising-mobility-and-the-formation-of-culture-and-language-among-the-corded-ware-culture-in-europe/E35E6057F48118AFAC191BDFBB1EB30E

Last Edit: Feb 14, 2023 19:20:19 GMT by Admin

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Corded Ware Culture (CWC) Genetics Feb 27, 2023 17:55:34 GMT

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Post by Admin on Feb 27, 2023 17:55:34 GMT

Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland

Abstract
During the Final Eneolithic the Corded Ware Complex (CWC) emerges, chiefly identified by its specific burial rites. This complex spanned most of central Europe and exhibits demographic and cultural associations to the Yamnaya culture. To study the genetic structure and kin relations in CWC communities, we sequenced the genomes of 19 individuals located in the heartland of the CWC complex region, south-eastern Poland. Whole genome sequence and strontium isotope data allowed us to investigate genetic ancestry, admixture, kinship and mobility. The analysis showed a unique pattern, not detected in other parts of Poland; maternally the individuals are linked to earlier Neolithic lineages, whereas on the paternal side a Steppe ancestry is clearly visible. We identified three cases of kinship. Of these two were between individuals buried in double graves. Interestingly, we identified kinship between a local and a non-local individual thus discovering a novel, previously unknown burial custom.

Introduction
The Neolithic Stone Age of continental Europe saw important demographic changes and population events which in recent years have been demonstrated by numerous archaeogenomic studies1,2,3,4,5,6. The genetic ancestry, affinity and admixture processes between human groups have been traced by analyses of individuals from different time periods and geographical contexts which contextually are associated to cultural complexes with differing lifeways, burial customs and material culture expressions. The identification of the demographic event and successive development associated with the Neolithization of Europe demonstrated the importance of mobility and migration in the process of population turnover and transition towards changed lifeways (e.g.7,8,9). The process took different paths in different areas of Europe which is evident in the admixture patterns between the hunter-gatherer (HG) and the farming groups but also between farming and pastoralist groups, depending on the time period. The significant transitional process around 3000 cal BCE and the appearance of the (Pontic Steppe) Yamnaya cultural complex in eastern Europe is associated with a wave of migration from East that had marked impact on the demographic (a Steppe ancestry component), cultural and social as well as linguistic development in the third Millennium BCE1,10.

The appearance of the Yamnaya (around 3100-3000 BCE) complex in southern Europe roughly coincides with the appearance of the Corded Ware complex (CWC) (around 2900-2800 BCE) further to the North. Earlier archaeogenomic analyses have shown that the CWC individuals, exhibit Steppe ancestry1,10,11,12. Contemporaneous individuals analysed from this region (i.e. central Europe) have however shown a varying degree of Steppe ancestry1,10. This component has not been demonstrated among individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture11,13,14. Although our knowledge about the demographic prehistory in continental Europe has increased immensely over the last five years1,2,3,4,5,6 the regional resolution of the events is insufficient and, thus, our understanding of the social processes is still lacking. The population dynamics and interpretations of the archaeogenomic data of the Yamnaya and the Corded Ware complexes and their relationships have been intensely debated and reviewed (see e.g.15,16,17,18).

Around 5400 BCE farming was introduced in central Poland which coincided with the appearance of the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) complex marking the transition to the Early Neolithic period. The HG population living in a neighbourhood of the LBK area upheld their lifeways and for almost a millennium the dispersal of the Neolithic lifeways halted. However, there were evidently contacts between the farming and HG groups seen in admixture patterns11. These relations are clearly visible in the Brześć Kujawski group (of the Lengyel complex) found in the region of Kuyavia which for a long time was the northern limit of the (post LBK) farming communities11,19.

During the next millennium, from around 4000 BCE, i.e. the Middle Eneolithic, the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB) emerges and the Eneolithic lifeways dispersed to the Northern parts of central Europe, including parts of Scandinavia, and now to most of the Polish area. Individuals from TRB contexts in Poland exhibit admixture with the HG-populations which were mostly linked to the west European HG group (WHG) (e.g.11). Around 3100 BCE the TRB manifestations in Poland decline with the appearance of the Baden culture and the Globular Amphora culture (GAC, c.3400/3100-c.2800 BCE) which replaced the earlier TRB complex in many areas of Poland. The GAC was a rather short-lived phenomenon and after 2800 BCE the Corded Ware Complex (CWC) manifestations became dominant, and continued for another 500 years before that complex disappears11,20.

Individuals of the GAC and CWC have very different ancestry. Individuals from CWC contexts in Poland exhibit a marked input from the eastern Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist whereas the individuals of the GAC complex hardly exhibit any Steppe ancestry11,13,19. Around 2400 BCE the Bell Beaker culture (BBC) complex enters this region, from the southwest, and yet another major genetic component is added to the local population5,21. In south-eastern Poland, the BBC disappears around 2200 BCE22,23. The development in Poland clearly shows the extent of admixture that has taken place in continental Europe and the importance of mobility in the demographic and social developments10,11. (Supplementary Information - The Corded Ware and the Bell Beaker societies in the Małopolska uplands).

By identifying mtDNA, Y-chromosomal DNA and nuclear DNA; ancestry, origin and admixture can be ascertained24,25,26,27. It has been shown that Yamnaya pastoralists contributed Y chromosome R1a and R1b haplogroups to continental Europe almost entirely replacing the previously wide-spread G2a haplogroup1,2. The mtDNA contribution of Yamnaya to CWC individuals is associated with the appearance of U2 and W haplogroups. This large-scale contribution, close to complete replacement is very evident among CWC individuals that have retained very little genetic ancestry from the Mesolithic HG and Early Neolithic farmer groups. The study of individuals associated with the CWC complex detected ancestry and admixture patterns with the HG groups, individuals of the Steppe culture groups such as Afanasievo and Yamnaya complexes. Moving forward in time evidence of admixture with individuals of the succeeding BBC complex appears, suggesting that this region of prehistoric Europe was an important social arena and melting pot of human genetics from both the east and the west5. Archaeogenomic analyses have the best possibilities to decipher demographic processes and the individuals associated to the CWC complex provide important clues to the development in the 3rd Millennium BCE.

One of the most characteristic features of the CWC complex are the funeral rituals that quickly spread over a large part of the Central Europe28. Attempts have been made to identify and understand the migration patterns within this vast cultural complex, and whether there were regional subgroups or other kinds of subdivisions11,12,20,29. To identify and to understand how different subgroups of the Corded Ware complex interacted with each other and the surrounding populations, an in-depth analysis of individuals representing this cultural complex during a highly important period in prehistory (2800-2300 BCE) is of great importance29. The present study goes deeper by also examining kinship of the individuals, which will aid the understanding of the intricate networks and social structures of the CWC subgroups28. By further investigating the genomic signatures among the regional CWC population in south-eastern Poland, a more complete yet complex image will emerge with several admixture events from different cultural groups.

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Corded Ware Culture (CWC) Genetics Feb 28, 2023 18:40:57 GMT

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Post by Admin on Feb 28, 2023 18:40:57 GMT

Materials
Samples of the petrous portion of the temporal bone were taken from 50 individuals representing the Corded Ware Complex (CWC) and 3 individuals representing the Bell Beaker culture (BBC) buried in graves in south-eastern Poland. We have obtained genetic data from 19 individuals (16 of CWC and 3 of BBC). All examined individuals come from three geographical regions (Fig. 1; Table 1; Table S1): the Rzeszów Foothills (part of the Subcarpathian Region; sites of Szczytna, Chłopice, Mirocin and Święte), the Małopolska Upland (Mistrzejowice, Proszowice, Bosutów, Pełczyska) and the Sokal Ridge (the western part of Volhynian Upland – site of Łubcze) (Supplementary Information – Materials; Figs. S1–S13). All burials are of similar type exhibiting the same funeral rite with some differences concerning grave goods and their radiocarbon dates coincide (Table 1; Supplementary Information - 14 C Dating; Table S2, Fig. S15). The Strontium isotope (Sr) analyses included human enamel samples obtained from 16 individuals who were selected for sampling based on preserved dental enamel and availability of contextual information. Among them were females and males, predominantly of adult and mature individuals, and also children. Enamel was taken from first molars (M1) whenever possible and occasionally from first premolars (P1) (Supplementary Information – Strontium Isotopes; Table S4, Fig. 2). Moreover carbon (δ13Ccoll) and nitrogen (δ15Ncoll) stable isotope analyses were performed for 8 individuals (Supplementary Information – Stable isotopes – diet; Table S5, Fig. 2A). We investigated patterns in the genetic variation in relation to geographical subgroupings based on archaeological information but also the genetic data in relation to the other results obtained through the stable isotope (Sr) analyses and radiocarbon dating. The groups are listed in Table 1. In short, we first divided individuals based on geographical and archaeological context into four groups (Groups I-IV), and in addition introduce a division based on results from the strontium analyses (Groups Ia, IVa and V): For more details regarding tested groupings and obtained results, see section Grouping individuals according to their provenance (Sr isotopes).

Figure 1

The relief map of south-eastern Poland with marked location of archaeological sites of the CWC and BBC cultures. 1 – Kraków-Mistrzejowice, 2 – Bosutów, 3 – Proszowice, 4 – Pełczyska, 5 – Łubcze, 6 – Mirocin, 7 – Szczytna, 8 – Chłopice, 9 – Skołoszów, 10 – Święte. Reconstruction of niche grave 360 from Mirocin, site 27 (drawn by K. Rosińska-Balik).

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Corded Ware Culture (CWC) Genetics Mar 1, 2023 18:26:06 GMT

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Post by Admin on Mar 1, 2023 18:26:06 GMT

Figure 2

(A) Variation in carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of the bone collagen of humans and animals of the Corded Ware Complex from south-eastern Poland. Individuals with DNA profiles (XX, XY) are indicated. (B) Strontium isotope composition (87Sr/86Sr) of human enamel of the CWC populations from the Rzeszów Foothills, Małopolska Upland and the Sokal Ridge. A child from the BBC grave at Pełczyska is asterisked. Individuals investigated during the present study are coloured. Other isotopic data and local baselines (in grey) are from Belka et al.41, Szczepanek et al.29 and results of unpublished investigations of the authors. The Sr isotope composition of rainwater is indicated.

Results
We collected bone samples from 53 individuals and produced low to medium coverage whole genome sequence data with coverages ranging between 0.02x to 5.4x for 19 Final Eneolithic/Bronze Age individuals from the ten sites in southern Poland. Ten of 19 sequenced individuals were radiocarbon dated from 3985 ± 35 to 3830 ± 35 BP (Fig. S14, Tables S2, S7). Obtained genetic sequences displayed cytosine deamination patterns characteristic of ancient DNA (Fig. S17)8,30,31,32. Mitochondrial (mtDNA) DNA-based contamination levels were calculated based on private polymorphism characterization (13 individuals with sufficient mtDNA coverage)33, and sequence mapping likelihood estimation34. The obtained contamination estimates varied between 0–3.6% (95% CI of 0–7.3%) and all individuals carried sequences with >90% (>97% in 14 individuals) probability of being authentic (Table S10). Thus, the obtained genomic data were deemed authentic and all sequenced individuals were included in population analyses.

All Eneolithic individuals from Poland carried mtDNA lineages of European or West Eurasian origin35 including H (including H2 and H7), HV, I2, J1, K1, T1, T2, U4, and U5 (Table S8). Individuals from Pełczyska exhibited the same mtDNA haplogroups identified at other CWC sites. In contrast to individuals of the Yamnaya complex the CWC and BBC individuals from southern Poland carried I2 and J1 lineages, but lacked the mtDNA haplogroups W and U2, often found in Yamnaya individuals1,10,36.

Molecular sex was assigned in all 19 individuals37 of which ten were sub-adults and therefore lacking prior osteological sex assessments. Eight individuals were female (XX) and 11 individuals were male (XY). The Y chromosome haplogroup was assigned in nine males of which all belonged to macrohaplogroup ‘R’ (Table S9). In seven individuals the Y chromosome haplogroup was further narrowed down to lineage R1b-M269 or R-L11 characteristic of Yamnaya and Bell Beaker individuals5,10 and particularly widespread throughout Eurasia since the Bronze Age38.

In order to investigate mutual relations between individuals we employed conditional nucleotide diversity estimates which is calculated between all pairs of individuals investigated in this study7 (Table S11). Here an average number of mismatches between pairs of individuals was estimated based on sites in Human Origins dataset and in Yoruban individuals from 1000 Genomes Project (Table S11)39. The results did not reveal strong structuring between sites but highlighted closer relationships between a number of individuals (pcw040-pcw041, pcw061-pcw062 and pcw211-pcw212). Additionally, reduced conditional diversity was observed between an individual from Proszowice (pcw420) and individuals from Święte (pcw062, pcw110) and Skołoszów (pcw191).

www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-63138-w